Academic Research on Buy-In Management Buyout

• Management buy-inof small businesses: a typological study of intentions tobuyoutviable vs distressed firms in France, Geraudel, M., Jaouen, A., Missonier, A., & Salvetat, D. (2009). InICSB World Conference Proceedings(p. 1). International Council for Small Business (ICSB). Management buy-ins are not a common theme in small business research, as SME takeovers are usually studied as part of external growth strategies for existing firms (Salvato et al., 2007). Ucbasaran et al. (2001) argue that more research attention should be directed towards understanding the behavior of different types of entrepreneur and the different organizational forms selected (corporate venturing, management buy-outs and buy-ins, franchising). In order to understand and describe small firm management buy-in, we conduct a comparative study between intentions to buy-in a viable SME and intentions to buy-in a distressed SME (in financial difficulty or in administration). The research method is exploratory and descriptive. It is based on 44 questionnaires with entrepreneurs who have a project of management buy-in. The results show that according to the types of firms targeted by entrepreneurs some significant correlations may appear. Three types of entrepreneurs are identified: the adventurous, cautious and indifferent manager.
• Management buy-inof small businesses: a comparative study of intentions tobuyoutviable vs distressed firms in France, Geraudel, M., Jaouen, A., Missonier, A., & Salvetat, D. (2009). Management buy-in of small businesses: a comparative study of intentions to buyout viable vs distressed firms in France.
• Family firm succession: themanagement buy-outandbuy-inroutes, Scholes, L., Westhead, P., & Burrows, A. (2008). Family firm succession: the management buy-out and buy-in routes.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,15(1), 8-30. Evidence highlights the importance of information sharing and that the family owner(s) may not always be in the strongest position. MBOs reported lower information asymmetry. Also, lower information asymmetry was reported when vendors and management were involved in succession planning. Internal managers with greater access to information were found to influence the negotiation process and determine who is more likely to benefit from the price to be paid for the firm. A mutually agreed price was less likely when management controlled information and when personal equity providers (PEP) were involved in the process supporting the interests of the MBO/I team.
• Entrepreneurial growth through privatization: The upside ofmanagement buyouts, Wright, M., Hoskisson, R. E., Busenitz, L. W., & Dial, J. (2000). Entrepreneurial growth through privatization: The upside of management buyouts.Academy of Management Review,25(3), 591-601. The authors examine the upside potential of privatization of both publicly traded firms and state-owned enterprises through the lens of agency and entrepreneurial cognition theory. In addition to managerial incentives, they argue that significant entrepreneurial progress is made through a cognitive shift from a managerial to an entrepreneurial mindset. The two perspectives provide a framework for understanding buyouts and how managerial incentives and individual cognition, considered in tandem, effectively expand managerial discretion and thereby stimulate upside growth. 
• Leveraged buyouts of private companies, Chung, J. W. (2011). Leveraged buyouts of private companies. Over the last two decades, the number (enterprise value) of leveraged buyout transactions involving privately held targets totals more than 10,000 (over $850 billion), accounting for 46% (21%) of the worldwide leveraged buyout market. Yet the vast majority of academic studies focus on the buyouts of publicly held targets. This paper investigates the effects of leveraged buyouts on privately held targets. I find that, unlike the corporate restructuring process of public firms after the buyouts, private targets sponsored by private equity firms grow substantially after the buyouts. The overall evidence suggests that private equity firms, through leveraged buyouts, facilitate private targets growth by alleviating targets investment constraints.
• Analysis of the top Leveraged Buy-Outs(LBOs) in Spain, 2005-2007, Alemany, L. (2008). Analysis of the top Leveraged Buy-Outs (LBOs) in Spain, 2005-2007.Available at SSRN 1176822. This paper analyses the largest buyouts done by private equity investors in Spain. The objective of the paper is to analyse in depth these deals, to be able to better understand their leverage levels, valuations and the evolution of both variables. It also reviews who is behind these deals, from the equity and from the debt perspective. One of the conclusions of the analysis is that there has been a clear inflation in both debt levels and valuations. Additionally, the players in the largest deals are international PE houses and European banks, most of them with presence in Spain.
• The longer-term effects ofmanagement-led buy-outs, Wright, M., Wilson, N., & Robbie, K. (1996). The longer-term effects of management-led buy-outs.The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance,5(3), 213-234. There is now extensive evidence on short-term performance improvements in buy-outs, but little relating to the longer-term. This paper examines the relatively neglected area of the longevity and longer-term effects of smaller buy-outs. In terms of longevity, the evidence presented shows that the majority remain as independent buy-outs for at least eight years after the transaction, and that entrepreneurial actions concerning both restructuring and product innovation are important parts of entrepreneurs' strategies over a ten year period or more. For the first time, the paper also provides an analysis of the financial performance and productivity of a large sample of buy-outs and non-buyouts. It shows that on a variety of financial ratios buy-outs significantly outperform a matched sample of non-buy-outs, especially from year 3 onwards. Analysis of post buyout efficiency of survivor buy-outs, using regression analysis to estimate augmented Cobb-Douglas production functions, shows that buy-outs are superior to matched nonbuy-outs with a productivity differential of the order of 9% on average from year t+2 onwards. The evidence of superior longer term performance suggests that venture capitalists may need to consider their investment perspectives carefully, particularly in respect of exit versus second round investment. For financiers it is clear that the buy-out concept can be successfully applied to growth as well as restructuring cases.