Academic Research on Labor Surplus Area

• Development of the labor surplus economy: theory and policy.,Fbi, J. C. H., & Ranis, G. (1964). In this paper, the writer comprehensively throws light on the development of economy of the labour surplus with the help of theory and method concerning with labour surplus economic development. 
• A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries, Todaro, M. P. (1969).The American economic review, 59(1), 138-148. This paper presents a model of economic behaviour, migration scale from rural to urban areas and wage differences that are discussed in academic literature. The model shows the demand for urban labour and labour supply issues in the present industrial economy. The model evaluates certain implications behind using alternative strategies to eradicate unemployment and the migration phenomena in less progressive countries. The model examines 2 stages of migration that focus on unskilled migration from rural areas and second getting a permanent job. This 2 stage analysis examines the implications behind industrial growth and rural-urban economic differences. The model highlights constraints behind the reduction of migration to urban industrial sector with a proposal to make rural life attractive for rural labor. 

• Worker mobility in a labor surplus area, Gegan, V. F., & Thompson, S. H. (1957). Monthly Lab. Rev., 80, 1451. This review paper shows increasing worker mobility to labour surplus areas causing severe labour migration crisis. 
• Wages and employment in a labor-surplus economy, Reynolds, L. G. (1965). The American Economic Review, 55(1/2), 19-39. The paper investigates wage issues and workers searching attitude for employment opportunities in the labour surplus economy. 
• The homestead act and the labor surplus, Shannon, F. A. (1936). The American Historical Review, 41(4), 637-651. The writer explores the results of the homestead act in relation to labour migration that intensified the labour surplus issue.
• Further results on the macroeconomic effects of AIDS: the dualistic, labor-surplus economy, Cuddington, J. T. (1993). The World Bank Economic Review, 7(3), 403-417. This research evaluates AIDS macroeconomic effects and altered model of slow growth. The allocation of labour and financial resources are always enough but resources misallocation spoils the outcome. The examination shows the underperformance of economies in developing countries such as sub-Saharan Africa. Underemployment is another issue that has not been discussed in previous economic impact models. The economic data from Tanzania concerning AIDS economic impact suggests limited economic growth in all sectors. This caused 15-25% lower GDP comparing with 2010 GDP growth. The research also shows output lost because of AIDS as it is similar to output gains. However, improvements can be achieved by flexible labour market policies.
• Education and Work of Young People in a Labor Surplus Area, Riches, N. (1957). Monthly Lab. Rev., 80, 1457. The paper highlights the role of education to produce skilled workers and how young people are contributing to the Labor Surplus Area. 
• Leakages Reducing Employment and Income Multipliers in Labor-Surplus Rural Areas, Wadsworth, H. A., & Conrad, J. M. (1965). Journal of Farm Economics, 47(5), 1197-1202. The paper takes into consideration the leakages that are behind the reduction of employment opportunities and the role of rural labour in labour surplus. 
• A counterfactual analysis on unlimited surplus labor in rural China, Cai, F., & Wang, M. (2008). China & World Economy, 16(1), 51-65. The research uses a counterfactual approach to evaluate the magnitude of conventional wisdom related to agriculture and farming with respect to the Chinese surplus labour market. The research shows striking statistics about decreasing surplus labourers in Chinese rural areas. The results of using the counterfactual approach show the use of new changed technology in the agriculture field, increasing labour competitiveness and reduced income gap between rural-urban labour. 
• The Emergence of the Current Interest in the Defense Small Business and Labor Surplus Area Subcontracting Programs, Maness, I. (1962). Mil. L. Rev., 18, 119. In this review paper, the writer focuses on the emergence of increasing interest in the defence of small business programs and subcontracting in labour surplus area. 
• The Estimation of Surplus Labor in Chinese Agriculture in 19962005: A Stochastic Frontier Approach [J], Jinxing, G. (2007). T, Nankai Economic Studies, 4, 008. This paper discusses the use of Stochastic Frontier principles to estimate surplus labour in the fields of Chinese Agriculture from 1996 to 2005. 
• Trade and development in a labor surplus economy, Barbier, E. B., & Rauscher, M. (2007). The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 7(1). The research investigates a model that evaluates the trade scale between two countries in the agricultural sector and commodities manufacturing sector. The financial returns of the manufacturing sector with monopolistic competition conditions is positive. However, increased activity in the agriculture field may not be positive between the two countries because of negative welfare constraints.