Limited Liability Business Entities - Explained
What is Limited Personal Liability?
Written by Jason Gordon
Updated at April 5th, 2023
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When are Owners of a Business Entity personally liable?
Generally, individuals are responsible for their own conduct. The rules of agency may make an individual vicariously responsible for the acts of an agent, if that agent is acting with authority or within the scope of her employment.
Next Article: Compensation within Business Entities Back to: BUSINESS ENTITIES
What is Limited Personal Liability?
Some business entities limit the liability of business owners for the actions of agents of the business. This means that the owner is protected from being held personally liable for the debts (contracts) or tortious conduct of the business employees or other owners. That is, the business owner does not risk losing her personal assets for debts created or tortious activity committed by the business or its owners. This business entity characteristic is a strong motivation for individuals to form a business entity to carry on their business activities.
- Note: It is important to remember that a business entity offering personal liability protection to its owners may forfeit that protection if the Secretary of States office or the court disregards the business entity. The Secretary of State may dissolve a business entity for failing to follow entity maintenance requirements. More commonly, a plaintiff who is suing the business may attack the business entity status in an attempt to pierce the veil. Piercing the veil is discussed further in the corporate governance chapter.
- Example: The owner of an LLC has two employees who deliver goods to customers. One of the employees accidentally crashes the company vehicle into a pedestrian. The pedestrian can sue the negligent driver and the LLC for damages. The driver may be personally liable for his negligent driving. The LLC may be vicariously liable for the employees tortious act, since it was committed when the employee was acting in furtherance of the business operations. The owners personal assets, however, may be protected from the reach of the plaintiff.
Discussion Question
Can you identify any situations where the owner of a business has been held personally liable (either in contract or tort) for the actions of the employees of a business? Why was the business owner held personally liable despite the limited liability protections of the business entity?
Practice Question
Bert is a member of an LLC. The LLC is managed by Victoria, who is also a member of the LLC. Victoria accidentally rear-ends Gayle while driving to meet a business client. If the plaintiff decides to sue for the negligent act, will Bert or Victoria potentially be personally liable?
- Victoria will potentially be personally liable, as she is the tortfeasor (person committing the tort). The LLC may be liable, as Victoria was acting on behalf of the business. Bert will likely not be liable, as he is shielded from personal liability for debts or obligations of the LLC. It is possible, however, that Bert could be liable under the theory of piercing the corporate veil.
Related Topics
- Business Entities (Intro)
- Why is studying business entities important?
- Considerations When Forming a Business Entity
- Holistic (Detailed) Overview of Setting Up a Business Entity
- What are Business Entities?
- What is a Closely-held vs Publicly-held Business?
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What are the main types of business entity?
- What are the primary characteristics of business entities?
- What is Creation of a business entity?
- Where to Form a Business
- Incorporating in Delaware
- Forming an LLC in Nevada or Wyoming
- Creating a Company Offshore
- Promoter
- Promoter Liability
- De Jure Corporation
- Ultra Vires
- Brassplate Company
- What is Maintenance of a business entity?
- What is Continuity of a business entity?
- Business Continuity Planning
- Buy Sell Agreements
- Shotgun Clause
- Winding Up
- Dissolving a Foreign Qualification
- What is the Ownership structure of a business entity?
- Joint Stock Company
- Parent Company
- Subsidiary Company
- Wholly-Owned Subsidiary
-
Operating Subsidiary
-
Holding Company
- State-Owned Enterprise
- Mutual Company
- Conglomerate
- What is Control of a business entity?
- What is Personal liability of owners of a business entity?
- Entity Theory
- Piercing the Corporate Veil
- What is Compensation of business owners?
- What is Taxation of a business entity?
- What is Sales & Use tax?
- What are payroll and self-employment taxes?
- What are the major characteristics of a Sole proprietorship?
- Uniform Partnership Act
- Uniform Limited Partnership Act
- Partnership Agreement
- At-Will Partnerships
- Responsibilities of Partners to the Partnership
- Silent Partner
- Funding the Partnership
- How are Partners Compensated
- Splitting Equity in an Industrial Partnership
- Terminating the Partnership
- Types of Partnerships
- What are the main characteristics of a General partnership?
- Tort Liability of General Partner
- What are the main characteristics of a Joint venture?
- What are the main characteristics of a Limited partnership?
- Family Limited Partnership
- Master Limited Partnership
- What are the main characteristics of a Limited liability partnership?
- What are the main characteristics of a Limited liability company?
- Forming an LLC
- Articles of Organization
- Operating Agreement or LLC Agreement
- Why You Need an LLC Agreement
- LLC Compensation of Members
- LLC Taxation
- Converting to an LLC
- What are the main characteristics of a Corporation
- Articles of Incorporation
- What to include in the Articles of Incorporation
- Corporate Bylaws
- Exiting the Corporation
- Dissenter's Rights
- What are the requirements to be an S Corporation?
- Non-Profit Organization
- NonProfit Business Entities
- Private Foundation
- A Detailed Explanation of the Sole Proprietorship
- Taxation of Sole Proprietorship
- A Detailed Explanation of the General Partnership
- 50/50 Partnerships: Never a Good Idea
- Publicly-Traded Partnerships
- A Detailed Explanation of the Limited Liability Company
- A Detailed Explanation of the Corporation
- Keepwell Agreement (Letter of Comfort)
- Personal Service Corporation Definition
- A Detailed Explanation of the Non-Profit Entity
- Public Limited Company (UK)