Fraud - Explained
An Intentional Falsehood Used to Extract Value
Written by Jason Gordon
Updated at September 24th, 2021
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Table of Contents
What is Fraud?What Type of Conduct Constitutes Fraud?Discussion QuestionPractice QuestionAcademic ResearchWhat is Fraud?
Fraud is the intentional misrepresentation of a material fact that is justifiably relied upon by someone to his or her injury.
Next Article: Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations Return to: TORT LAW
What Type of Conduct Constitutes Fraud?
The false statement inducing the other party's misunderstanding must regard a material fact about the prospective transaction. Fraud often involves intentional misrepresentations regarding ownership of property or ones financial status.
- Note: Fraud may be an intentional failure to disclose a material fact that induces another into action which results in her harm. This may be the case when a legal duty to disclose the material fact exists.
- Example: Lying about assets or liabilities in order to get credit or a loan is a common form of fraud.
Related Topics
- What are Intentional Torts?
- Assault and Battery?
- Intentional Infliction of Emotions Distress?
- Invasion of Privacy?
- False Imprisonment?
- Malicious Prosecution?
- Trespass?
- Conversion?
- Defamation?
- Defenses to Defamation?
- Defamation and 1st Amendment Considerations?
Discussion Question
How do feel about the requirement that fraud be intentional? Should a misrepresentation that is reckless and unverified be considered fraudulent, even if it is not intentional? Why or why not?
Practice Question
Daryl is selling a poster bearing the signature of a known celebrity athlete. Daryl advertises that the poster is 15-years old and was signed when the athlete was a rookie. In reality, the poster was signed recently, following the athletes retirement. If someone buys the poster based upon Daryl's representations, is there a tortious act? Why or why not?
- Fraud refers to the use any intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. The courts will typically find that a defendant has committed fraudulent misrepresentation when the following six factors have been met:
- A statement or representation was made.
- The statement or representation was false.
- That when made, the defendant knew that the statement or representation was false or that the defendant made the statement recklessly without knowledge of its truth.
- That the fraudulent misrepresentations was made with the intention that the plaintiff would rely or act on it.
- That the plaintiff suffered harm as a result of the fraudulent misrepresentation.
Academic Research
- Buell, Samuel W., What is Securities Fraud? (June 27, 2011). Duke Law Journal, Vol. 61, No. 3, p. 511, 2011. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1872932
- Lederman, Leandra, The Fraud Triangle and Tax Evasion (February 22, 2019). Indiana Legal Studies Research Paper No. 398. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3339558 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3339558 [/ht_toggle]