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Economics, Research & Analysis

Learn Economics and Analysis

Written by Jason Gordon

Updated at February 3rd, 2023

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Overview: This material covers the primary topics covered within various Economics.

Economic Analysis & Monetary Policy


Introduction

  • Economics
  • Macroeconomics
  • Microeconomics
  • Normative Economics
  • Positive Economics

Economic Systems

  • Market Economy
    • Free Market Economy
    • Collaborative Economy
  • Fiscal Policy
  • Monetary Policy
  • Private Enterprise
  • Labor Market
  • Globalization
  • Categories
    • Command Economy
    • Centrally Planned Economy
    • Traditional Economy
    • Mixed Economy
    • Underground Economy
    • Black Economy

Application of Economics

  • Classical Economics
  • Social Economics
  • Neo-Classical Economics
  • Demand-Side Economics
  • Supply-Side Economics
  • Neoliberalism
  • Positive Economics
  • Mathematical Economics
  • Constitutional Economics
  • Labor Economics
  • Organizational Economics
  • Development Economics
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Environmental Economics
  • Evolutionary Economics
  • True-Cost Economics
  • New Keynesian Economics
  • Managerical Economics
  • Experimental Economics
  • Welfare Economics

Government and Economic Models

  • Capitalism
    • Conscious Capitalism
  • Communism
    • Centrally Planned Economy
    • Socialism
  • Marxism
    • Egalitarianism
  • Plutocracy
Economics Organizations
  • American Economic Association

Markets, Choice, and Constraints

Choice and Constraints

  • Market Economy
    • Surplus Spending Unit
  • Consumer Goods
    • Public, Private, Club, Common Goods
    • Excludable and Rivalrous Goods
  • Consumption
    • Lifecycle Model of Consumption
    • Autonomous Consumption
    • Permanent Income Hypothesis
    • Income Effect
    • Lipstick Effect
    • Engel's Law
    • Consumerism
    • Paradox of Thrift
    • Ricardo Barro Effect
    • Consumer Confidence Index
      • The Wealth Effect
  • Scarce Resources
    • Scarcity Principle
    • Radner Equilibrium
    • Queuing Theory
  • Market Equilibrium
    • Equilibrium (Economics)
      • Rational of Choice Theory
      • Recursive Equilibrium
      • Game Theory
        • Traveler's Dilemma
        • Prisoner's Dilemma
        • Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
        • Nash Equilibrium
        • Diner's Dilemma
        • Trembling Hand Perfect Equilibrium
        • Gambler's Fallacy
        • Arrows Impossibility Theorem
        • Backward Induction
      • Paradox of Rationality
      • Rational Expectations Theory
      • Shapley Value
      • Mechanism Design Theory
    • Input-Output Model
    • Perfect Competition
      • Bidding War
    • Imperfect Competition
    • Market Efficiency
    • Market Inefficiency
    • Pareto Efficiency
    • Market Failure 
    • Search Theory
  • Benefits
    • Self Interest
      • Cost-Benefit Analysis
      • Enlightened Self-Interest
      • Fisher's Separation Theorem
      • Ratchet Effect
    • Total Utility (Economics)
      • Marginal utility
      • Efficiency Principle
      • Diminishing Marginal Utility
      • Expected Utility
      • Subjective Theory of Value
      • Positional Goods
    • Consumer Surplus
    • Utilitarianism
    • Indifference Curve
    • Time Preference Theory of Interest
    • Incentives
    • Marginal Benefit
  • Economic Efficiency
    • Efficiency Theory
    • Productive Efficiency
    • Allocative Efficiency
    • Pareto Efficient
  • Effect
    • Externality
      • Network Externality
      • Pigovian Tax
      • Coase Theorem
      • Agglomeration Diseconomies
    • Free Rider
    • Social Loafing
  • Invisible Hand
Delete

Production and Costs

  • Costs
    • Fixed Cost vs Variable Cost
    • Actual vs Implicit Costs
    • Marginal Cost
    • Incremental Cost
    • Average Total Cost
    • Opportunity Cost
      • Opportunity Set
    • Sunk Costs
    • Cost Curves
    • True Cost Economics
    • Absolute Advantage
  • Revenue
    • Marginal Revenue
    • Value of Marginal Product
  • Profit
    • Accounting Profit
    • Economic Profit
    • Normal Profit
  • Production
    • Production Function
      • Aggregate Production Function
    • Inputs - Factors of Production
      • Capital (Factor of Production)
      • Labor (Factor of Production)
        • Labor Theory of Value
      • Land
      • Entrepreneurship
    • Production Possibilities Frontier
    • Capacity Utilization Rate
    • Value of Marginal Product
    • Diminishing Marginal Productivity
    • Comparative Advantage
  • Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns
  • Marginal Analysis
  • Short Run
  • Long-Run Average Cost (LRAC)
  • Long-Run Average Supply (LRAS)
  • Economies of Scope
  • Economies of Scale
    • Diseconomies of Scale
    • Minimum Efficient Scale
  • Tournament Theory
  • Marginal Revenue Product 
  • Derived Demand
  • Marginal Input Cost  
  • Economic Rent
  • Productivity and Learning Curve
  • Experience Curve
  • Acceleration Principle
Delete

Supply and Demand

  • Law of Supply and Demand
  • Supply Curve
    • Increasing, Constant, and Decreasing Returns to Scale
  • Supply Schedule
  • Demand Theory
  • Demand Schedule
    • Pent Up Demand
  • Demand Curve
  • Supply Demand Analysis
    • Hubbert's Peak Theory
  • Equilibrium
    • Equilibrium Price
    • Equilibrium Quantity
    • Competitive Equilibrium
    • Walras' Law
    • Recursive Equilibrium
    • Scarcity Principle
  • Disequilibrium
  • Excess Supply
  • Excess Demand
  • Law of Supply and Demand

Supply and Demand of Goods

  • Ceteris Paribus
  • Surplus and Shortage
  • Theory of Price
    • Price Sensitivity
    • Price Control - Ceilings and Floors
    • Microeconomic Pricing Model
  • Dead Weight Loss
  • Complements & Substitutes
    • Substitution Effect
  • Normal Good and Inferior Goods
    • Giffen Good
    • Veblen Good
  • Consumer and Producer Surplus
  • Economic Surplus
  • Social Surplus
  • Total Surplus

Supply and Demand Elasticity

  • Elasticity
    • Inelastic Goods
    • Perfect Elasticity and Inelasticity
    • Unitary Elasticity
  • Elasticity of Demand
    • Price Stickiness
  • Elasticity of Supply
  • Price Elasticity of Supply and Demand
    • Tax Incidence
  • Cross Elasticity of Demand
    • Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand
  • Elasticity of Savings
  • Income Elasticity of Demand

Aggregate Supply and Demand

  • Aggregate demand and curve (and shifts)
    • Potential GDP
  • Aggregate supply and curve (and shifts)
    • Stagflation
  • Long-Run and Short-Run Aggregate Supply Curve
Delete

Economic Perspectives

  • Neoclassical Economics
    • Say's Law
    • Neoclassical Analysis
    • Supply Side Theory
      • Laffer Curve
  • Keynesian Economics
    • Keynes' Law
    • Keynesian Analysis
    • Demand Side Theory
    • Market Forces
  • Aggregate Demand / Aggregate Supply Models
    • Neoclassical Zone
    • Intermediate Zone
    • Keynesian Zone
  • The Phillips Curve
Delete

National Economy

Measuring

  • Economic Conditions
    • Leading Economic Indicators
    • KOF Economic Barometer
    • CEO Confidence Survey
    • NAB Business Confidence Index
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
    • Nominal GDP
    • Per Capita GDP
    • Expenditure Method
  • Gross National Product
    • Factor Income
    • Gross National Income
  • Durable and Non-Durable Goods
    • Weightless Economy
  • Intermediate and Final Goods or Services
  • Double Counting
  • Real Values
    • Nominal Value
    • Inflation
    • Depreciation of Currency
    • Net National Product
  • Tracking GDP
    • Economic Cycle or Business Cycle
      • Business Cycle Indicator
      • Peak and Trough
      • Recession and Depression
      • Hard Landing vs Soft Landing
      • Economic Bubble
    • Boom and Bust Cycle
      • Great Depression
      • Baby Boomer Age Wave Theory
    • Skyscrapper Effect (Economics)
    • V-Shaped Recovery
    • W-Shaped Recovery
    • U-Shaped Recovery
    • Kondratieff Wave Cycle
    • Contagion
  • Growth
    • Real Economic Growth Rate
      • Fox-Trot Economy
    • Stagnation
    • Neoclassical Growth Theory
    • Exogenous Growth Theory
    • Endogenous Growth Theory
    • New Growth Theory - Explained
    • Classical Growth Theory - Explained
    • Real Economic Growth Rate - Explained
    • Plutonomy
  • Elements
    • Porter's Diamond
    • Physical Capital
    • Human Capital
      • Capital Deepening
    • Infrastructure
    • Innovation and Invention
    • Rule of Law
    • Technology
    • Natural Resources
      • Staple Thesis
      • Resource Curse
  • Growth Models
    • Solow Growth Model
      Compound Growth Rate
      Labor Productivity
    • Aggregate Production Function

Government

  • Feedback Rule Policy
  • American Customer Satisfaction Index
  • CNN Effect
  • Bureau of Economic Analysis
  • Business Starts Index
  • American Recover and Reinvestment Act
  • Abenomics
  • Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
  • Commodity Credit Corporation
  • Humphrey Hawkins Act
Delete

Fiscal Policy

  • Fiscal Policy
    • Expansionary vs Contractionary Fiscal Policy
    • Stabilization Policy
      • Robin Hood Effect
      • Ricardo Barro Effect
    • Taxes
      • Progressive vs Regressive Tax
      • Marginal Tax Rates
      • Proportional Tax
      • Trickle Down Theory
    • Discretionary Fiscal Policy
      • Automatic Stabilizers
      • Effects of Discretionary Policy (Interest Rates & Lags)
        • Implementation Lag
        • legislative lag
        • Recognition Lag
        • Crowding Out Effect 
    • Government Spending
      • Autonomous Spending
      • Autonomous Consumption
    • Government Borrowing
      • Golden Rule
      • Ricardian Equivalence
    • Balanced Budget - Deficit and Surplus
      • National Debt
      • Standardized Employment Budget
      • Deficit Hawk
      • Austerity
    • Twin Deficits
Delete

Labor and Economics


  • Labor Economics
  • Labor Market Equilibrium
  • Labor Market Efficiency
  • Productivity Economics
    • One-Third Rule
  • National Average Wage Index
  • Unemployment and Labor Force Participation Rate
    • Out of the Labor Force
    • Underemployed
    • Full Employment Equilibrium
    • Okun's Law
  • Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey
  • Labor Surplus Area - Explained
  • Lump of Labor Fallacy - Explained
  • Labor Force Participation Rate - Explained
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics 
  • ADP National Employment Survey
  • Labor Theory of Value - Explained
  • Labor Productivity - Explained
  • Wage Elasticity of Labor Supply
  • Sticky Wage Theory (Economics)
  • Types:
    • Structural Unemployment
    • Cyclical Unemployment
    • Frictional Unemployment
Delete

Money and Monetary Policy

  • Function
    • Money
      • Coins and Currency in Circulation
      • Legal Tender
      • Numismatics
      • Gresham's Law
    • Barter
    • Double Coincidence of Wants
      • Parity
    • Medium of Exchange
    • Unit of Account
    • Store of Value
      • Time Value of Money
    • Standard of Deferred Payment
    • Liquidity Preference Theory
    • National Savings and Investment Identity
      • Circular Flow of Money
  • Types
    • Commodity Money
      • Gold Exchange Standard
      • Bretton Woods System
    • Fiat Money
  • Measurements
    • Money Supply
    • M1 and M2 Money Supply
    • Monetary Base
    • Savings, Demand, and Time Deposits
  • Money Capital Market
    • Quantity Theory of Money
    • Aggregate Expenditure Model
    • IS-LM Model
    • European Capital Market Institute
Banks
  • Financial Intermediary
  • Central Bank
    • Reserve Currency
    • Federal Reserve System
      • Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
      • Fed Balance Sheet
      • Term Auction Facility
      • Taylor Rule
    • Money Multiplier Formula
    • Velocity of Money
    • Multiplier Effect
    • Quantity Equation of Money
    • McCallum Rule
    • Neutrality of Money
    • Real Bills Theory
  • Monetary Policy
    • Contractionary and Expansionary Monetary Policy
    • Loose vs Tight Monetary Policy
    • Easy Monetary Policy 
    • Accommodative Monetary Policy
    • Dove & Hawk (Monetary Policy) - Explained
    • Tight Monetary Policy - Explained
    • Stabilization Policy
    • Pushing on a String
  • Interest Rates
    • Discount Rate
    • Federal Funds Rate
    • Gibson Paradox
    • Vasicek Interest Rate Model
  • Open Market Operations
  • Quantitative Easing
  • Inflation Targeting
  • Countercyclical
  • Lender of Last Resort
  • Bank Regulation
    • CAMELS Rating
    • FDIC
    • CFPB
Delete

Inflation and National Economy

  • Inflation
    • Core Inflation
    • Cost Push Inflation
    • Demand Pull Inflation
    • Wage Push Inflation
    • Hyperinflation (Economics)
    • Inflation Spiral (Wage-Price Spiral)
    • Agflation
  • Deflation
    • Pigou Effect
    • Basket of Goods and Services
    • Base Year
    • Indexing and Index Number
      • Cost of Living Allowance
      • Adjustable Rate Mortgage
      • Fisher Effect
  • Biflation
  • Measurements
    • Quality / New Goods Bias
    • Substitution Bias
    • Consumer Price Index
    • Buying Power Index
    • Core Inflation Index
    • Breakfast Index
    • Employment Cost Index
    • GDP Deflator
    • International Price Index
    • Producer Price Index
    • Capital Goods Price Index
    • Farm (Agricultural) Price Index
    • Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices
    • Repeated Sales Method (Real Estate)
Delete

International Economics

  • Comparing Economies
    • GDP Per Capita
    • Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
      • Relative Purchasing Power Parity
      • Law of One Price
      • Burgernomics
      • Balassa-Samuelson Effect
    • Trade Balance: Surplus and Deficit
      • Mercantilism
      • J Curve
    • Economic Well Being - Standard of Living
      • High, Low, and Middle-Income Countries
        • Poverty Trap
      • Emerging Market Economy
      • BRIC Countries 
    • Economic Convergence
      • Growth Consensus
  • International Trade
    • Trade Balance: Surplus and Deficit
      • Level of Trade
        • Gain from Trade
        • Intra-Industry Trade
        • National Trade Data Bank
      • Capital Account (Economics)
        • Current Account 
        • Debtor Nation
      • Merchandise Trade Balance
      • Export of Goods and Services and Percentage of GDP
        • Heckscher-Ohlin Model 
        • Linder Hypothesis
    • Flow of Capital
      • Financial Capital
      • Unilateral Transfer
      • National Savings and Investment Identity
    • Protectionism
      • Closed Economy
      • Tariffs 
        • Absolute Quotas
        • Double Column Tariff
        • Infant Industry Theory
        • National Interest Argument
        • Race to the Bottom
        • Anti-Dumping Laws
          • Dumping
        • Trade War
    • Trade Agreement and Economic Unions
      • Common Market
        • Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
        • Central American Common Market
        • Caribbean Community and Common Market
      • Free Trade Agreement
        • North American Free Trade Agreement
        • Central European Free Trade Agreement
      • Disruptive Market Change
  • International Organizations
    • WTO
    • General Agreement on Free Tariff and Trade (GATT)
    • International Monetary Fund
    • World Economic Forum
    • Inter-American Development Bank
    • Davos World Economic Forum 
    • Chamber of Commerce
    • Jackson Hole Economic Symposium
Delete

Foreign Exchange

  • International Capital Flow
    • Dollarize
    • Foreign Direct Investment
      • Greenfield Investment
      • Brownfield Investment
    • Portfolio Investment
    • Purchase Power Parity
      • Relative Purchasing Power Parity
      • Burgernomics
    • Tobin Tax
  • Appreciating and Depreciating Currency
    • Weak Currency
  • Exchange Rate
    • Fixed Exchange Rate and Floating Exchange Rate
    • Hard and Soft Peg
    • Equation of Exchange (Economics)
    • Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER)
    • Limited Flexibility Exchange Rate System
  • Foreign Exchange Market
    • Foreign Exchange Contract
    • Arbitrage
    • Hedge
  • Regulation
    • Capital Control
    • Exchange Stabilization Fund
    • Smithsonian Agreement
Delete

Organizations and Competition

Economics of Organization

  • Theory of the Firm
    • Capital Formation
    • Rent Seeking
  • Structure Conduct Performance Model
  • Integration
    • Co-Insurance Effect
  • Conglomerates
  • Cost vs Profit Center
  • Accelerator Theory

Market Equilibrium & Perfect Competition

  • Perfect Competition
  • Market Power
    • Price Takers
    • Price Makers (Pricing Power)
  • X-Efficiency
  • Captive Market
  • Contestable Market Theory
  • Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
  • Concentration Ratio

Firm Competition and Market Structure

  • Monopoly
    • Bilateral Monopoly
  • Duopoly
  • Oligopoly
  • Oligopsony
  • Cartel (Economics)

Market Regulation

Delete

Research and Analysis (Under Development)

Introduction

  • Empirical Testing
  • Econometrics
  • Inflection Point - Explained
  • A Fortiori Analysis Definition
  • A Posteriori Definition
  • A Priori Probability Definition
  • Absolute Frequency Definition
  • Alpha Risk Definition
  • Altman Z-Score Definition
  • Analysis of Means Definition
  • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Definition
  • Autoregression Definition
  • Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) Definition
  • Back of the Envelope Calculation Definition
  • Bartletts Test (Statistics) Definition
  • Bell Curve Definition
  • Big Data Definition
  • Bonferroni Test Definition
  • Boolean Logic Definition
  • Bounded Rationality Definition
  • Box Cox Transformation Definition
  • Box Jenkins Model Definition
  • Central Limit Theorem Definition
  • Chi Square Distribution Definition
  • Clinical Trial Definition
  • Cluster Analysis Definition
  • Coefficient of Determination Definition
  • Coefficient of Variation Definition
  • Confidence Interval Definition
  • Correlation Definition
  • Cost Benefit Analysis Definition
  • Cost-Benefit Analysis Definition
  • Covariance Definition
  • Data Analytics Definition
  • Data Mining Definition
  • Data Science Definition
  • Decision Analysis Definition
  • Decision Theory Definition
  • Decision Tree Definition
  • Degrees of Freedom Definition
  • Discrete Distribution Definition
  • Elasticity Coefficient Definition
  • Empirical Probability Definition
  • Empirical Rule Definition
  • Frequency Distribution Definition
  • Hedonic Regression Definition
  • Histogram Definition
  • Hypothesis Testing Definition
  • Incremental Analysis Definition
  • Kruskal Wallis Test Definition
  • Kurtosis Definition
  • Law of Large Numbers Definition
  • Least Squares Method Definition
  • Likert Scale Definition
  • Linear Regression Definition
  • Mean-Variance Analysis Definition
  • Multiple Linear Regression Definition
  • Multivariate Model Definition
  • Nonlinear Regression Definition
  • Normal Distribution Definition
  • Null Hypothesis Definition
  • One-Tailed Test Definition
  • OODA Loop Definition
  • P Value Definition
  • Pareto Rule (80/20 Rule)
  • Poisson Distribution Definition
  • Positive Correlation Definition
  • Predictive Analytics Definition
  • Predictive Modeling Definition
  • Prescriptive Analytics
  • Probability Distribution Definition
  • Programmed and Unprogrammed Decisions
  • Qualitative Analysis Definition
  • Quantitative Analysis Definition
  • R-Squared Definition
  • Random Factor Analysis Definition
  • Regression Analysis Definition
  • Residual Sum of Squares Definition
  • Sampling Distribution Definition
  • Sampling Error Definition
  • Scheffe's Test Definition
  • Sensitivity Analysis Definition
  • Standard Error Definition
  • Statistically Significant Definition
  • Stepwise Regression Definition
  • Stochastic Modeling Definition
  • Structured Problem vs Unstructured Problem
  • Subjective Probability Definition
  • Sum of Squares Definition
  • T Distribution Definition
  • Three Way Anova Definition
  • Tree Diagram Definition
  • Trend Analysis Definition
  • Trimmed Mean Definition
  • Two-Way ANOVA Definition
  • Type I Error Definition
  • Type II Error Definition
  • Uniform Distribution Definition
  • Variance Analysis Definition
  • Venn Diagram Definition
  • Weighted Average Definition
  • What-If Calculation
  • What is Environmental Scanning?
  • Wilcoxon Test Definition


Delete

Decision Making

Introduction

  • Management and Decision Making
  • Approaches to Management Decision Making
  • What is Design Thinking?
  • Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making
  • Structured Problem vs Unstructured Problem
  • Programmed Decision and Unprogrammed Decisions
  • Conditions for Management Decision Making
  • Methods of Decision Making
Delete

Economics and Finance Category

Other Topics

  • Fragmented Market - Explained
  • Malthusian Theory - Explained
  • Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry - Explained
  • Modiglani - Miller Hypothesis - Explained
  • Malthusian Thesis
economics

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